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First thing, pawpaw, you gotta requisition a new name

Crowdfunding is one of the miracles of the internet age: put even the wackiest idea in front of a bajillion people and enough of them will pledge money to make it happen. So I wasn’t entirely surprised when Luigi sent me a link to Peterson Pawpaws Go Global. R. Neal Peterson wants your money to help him sell his pawpaw varieties. He needs $20,000 to trademark names for six of the varieties he has bred, so they can be sold in Japan and Europe. And he’s doing pretty well, with almost half of his goal and 16 days to go.

I’m not here to argue the rights and wrongs of asking folk to help defray what I would have thought were normal business expenses. I am concerned about that name. Of course, Peterson’s Pawpaws has a nice euphonious ring to it, but then so do melonette and strawberry peach, but you won’t find those names on any grocery labels.

You will, however, find kiwi fruit, though not in all its diversity, and the story of how the Chinese gooseberry came to be first a melonette and then a kiwi fruit is fascinating. 1

I happen to think that, for all their attractive alliterative allure, Peterson’s Pawpaws could use a little kiwi style re-branding. 2 Not that I have any great ideas. I just think that what with mountain pawpaws and papaya, which lots of people know as pawpaw, there’s just too much room for confusion.

What to call it? Banango has a certain misleading ring to it. Peterson’s varieties are all named after rivers, most of which in turn borrow from native American names. That’s why I quite like rassimin, apparently a native American name that is reflected in the genus Asimina.

You can surely do better.

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Brainfood: Cassava descriptors, Core collections, Oat breeding, Indigenous fruits, Sandalwood in Fiji, Eggplant diversity treble, Globally important mushrooms, High amylose rice, Chickpea diversity, Finger millet diversity, Lethal yellowing, Spanish peppers, Local potato experts

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Is cocoa still cursed?

It is always fun seeing what other people do with a story you’re reasonably familiar with. So it was listening to The Chocolate Curse, a recent episode of Planet Money. 3

Long story short: Ecuador’s fabled cacao industry went bust in the 1920s because all the wonderful old trees fell prey to witches’ broom. Along comes a diminutive, independent cacao breeder who, on his 51st cross, produced a diminutive cacao tree that is resistant to witches broom. Alas, the variety, called CCN51, tastes like “rusty nails,” and worse. That’s it in the picture.

We’ve actually been here before: Unintended consequences of cacao breeding. What has changed, according to Planet Money, is that the big chocolate manufacturers have found ways to make use of the less than tasty CCN51 beans. Ecuador has planted it like there’s no tomorrow, and it has spread to lots of other cacao-producing areas too.

Yay!

Two things surprised me about the story, as told by Planet Money.

1. Nobody seemed to think that, having seen their original cacao industry devastated by a disease, a similar thing might possibly happen when more than half of the cacao trees in Ecuador are just one variety.

2. Having seen their original cacao industry wiped out by a disease, nobody made the connection with the fruit Ecuador is even better known for: bananas.

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There’s more to kiwi fruit diversity than you think

Screen Shot 2015-02-02 at 10.42.50 AMI love photos of weird plants, and the Facebook group Rare Fruit-Rare Edible Plants is a great place to find them. Once in a while, you even get a photo of diversity in a weird plant, which is even better. Case in point is this great visual summary of diversity in Actinidia. Except of course the Facebook version had no caption, which was annoying as hell. Fortunately, thanks to Google Image Search, I was able to track down the original source, a 2008 paper in BMC Genomics. Now, where can I get some of these to taste?

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Bottleneck slides

Try and find an illustration of the domestication bottleneck — to put in a slide for a presentation, say — and likely as not you end up with some variation on a classic theme, this particular version being from the great Teacher-Friendly Guide to the Evolution of Maize:

bottleneck

That’s fine for some purposes, but sometimes you want real data, and then you might use this:

fig7

But I don’t really find that particularly striking, do you? And that’s why I really got excited about Fig. 1c in a recent paper about patterns of genomic diversity in a bunch of soybean accessions, ranging from wild populations to modern varieties. It’s really tiny in the paper, so I’ve blown it up here, at the expense of some quality:

Slide1

I think this really shows very compellingly how the genetic diversity space shrinks and shifts as you move from wild soya to modern varieties. You don’t even really need to know that the axes are principal component scores or indeed how diversity was measured. But is this kind of diagram common out there? I can’t remember seeing anything quite this clear, and some rapid googling drew a blank too. Well, perhaps I read the wrong journals.

So here’s a question for you: what’s your favourite illustration of the domestication bottleneck, using real data? If we get a decent number of examples, I’ll try to put them all together in a post, and maybe even organize a vote.