Imminent extinction of bananas … again

Science Friday, a series on the US National Public Radio, last week interviewed Dan Koeppel, author of Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World. Koeppel recently fanned the embers of bananas-are-going-extinct back into a roaring blaze. That particular take on the new races of diseases that threaten the world’s favourite fruit started in a January 2003 article in New Scientist magazine (helpfully summarized by The Guardian) and of course one should always take the sub-editor’s art with a pinch of salt. FAO, not one to miss an opportunity, jumped on the extinction story too, which New Scientist duly covered.

So, extinct, probably not. But if it gets you to care about agricultural biodiversity, I’m all in favour of it.

You can listen to the story from NPR’s site (and read a transcript for good measure). I liked the interview, not because bananas in general are or are not going extinct, but because Koeppel explained so clearly the super-efficient business model that puts bananas on the supermarket shelves at scarily low prices. It is a business model that none of the incumbents is willing to abandon until absolutely necessary, and that makes the cost of entry for a new player, or a new variety, impossibly high.

I also liked Koeppel’s confidence in fingering just one variety — ibota ibota — as his absolute favourite. A quick search session revealed that ibota ibota is quite probably a synonym of Yangambi km5, a banana variety whose name is whispered reverently wherever banana enthusiasts gather. Or maybe it is more complicated than that. Banana stories usually are.

Brainfood: Genetic isolation and climate change, Not a Sicilian grape variety, Sicilian oregano, Good wine and climate, Italian landraces, Amazonian isolation, Judging livestock, Endosymbionts and CCD, Herbal barcodes, Finnish barley, Wild pigeonpea, Protected areas, Tree hybrids

Ecological intensification at IBC18

Doyle McKey‘s presentation at IBC18 sounds like a doozy. I was alerted to it by Eve Emshwiller on Twitter, who said, among other things:

McKey: ecological intensification, not just green revolution model “intensification” of ag needed. #ibc18

Music to our ears, of course. Here’s a summary from the (very large) Abstract Book of the congress.

The evolutionary ecology of plant chemical defenses in agroecosystems: past, present and future.

McKey, Gleadow, Cavagnaro

Plant chemical defenses mediate interactions between plants, their herbivores and pathogens, and the naturalenemies of these plant parasites. In domesticated plants, farmers are added to this web of interactions. Plant defenses have been subjected to complex selection pressures under domestication, leading both to decreases and to increases in their concentration, and to shifts in their intra-plant distribution. This complexity is explained partly by variation in the kinds of plants farmers chose to domesticate, and partly by the kinds of environments that nature and farmers combined to create in agroecosystems. Today, the interactions mediated by plant defenses are affected by changing climate, rising temperature and increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. These changes can threaten food security by lowering not only the production of food but also its nutritional quality. The strategies proposed to counter these threats envisage a wide range of ways, not mutually exclusive, to manage biotic interactions in agroecosystems. These include modifying crop plants’ natural constitutive and induced defenses and other sources of resistance; engineering crop plants to express novel defenses; and increasing the effectiveness of ‘integrated pest management’ (through natural enemies, other components of agrobiodiversity and pesticides) by modifying the structure and functioning of agroecosystems. In this presentation, we examine these proposed solutions through the evolutionary ecologist’s lens: What are their respective costs and benefits, and how do these affect the ecological situations in which each could help farmers produce sufficient amounts of high-quality food? How can the coevolutionary dynamics of interactions between crop plants and their biotic environment be managed to avert catastrophic fluctuation of yield?

Nibbles: Heat, Watermelons, Rye, Apples, Solanum melongena, Pinus edulis, Food systems, Indian rice, Glycene

Nibbles: AnGR, Sustainable diets, MDG, Plantwise, Maize in Africa, Lead farmers, Micro-livestock (again), Cows and climate change