Having been involved in the botanical exploration of the Indian Ocean island of Socotra back in the early 90s, and also — more recently — having done some ecological niche modeling, I was fascinated to see these interests coincide in a recent paper in Biological Conservation. Italian and Yemeni researchers ((The Italian and Yemeni governments, UNDP and IUCN (among others) are financing a Socotra Conservation and Development Programme. Nothing like that when I was there, of course.)) have modeled the distribution of the Socotran endemic Dracaena cinnabari, the Dragonblood Tree, to predict what might happen to it with climate change. It’s not good. This flagship species, whose resin has been the source of a dye and medicine since antiquity, is looking at a halving of its potential area of distribution, due to drier conditions, and only a couple of its current localities will fall within what will remain suitable. Fortunately, they are near a protected area, and the authors recommend that its boundaries be expanded to include them.
Wild relatives to the rescue (again)
You may remember the recent warnings about a new strain of wheat stem rust called Ug99 making its way from the Rift Valley of Africa across the Red Sea to Yemen, thus threatening the very home of wheat in the Middle East. Jeremy blogged about it a couple of months back. Well, resistance to the disease has now been found in about 70% of the 100-odd samples of a wild wheat (Aegilops sharonensis) collected in southern Lebanon and Israel, according to a paper in Plant Disease. Four of the samples actually have resistance to a whole range of fungal diseases:
Co-author of the paper, Yehoshua Aniksterat, of the Israel-based Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement at Tel Aviv University, told SciDev.Net that although it could be difficult — and take up to five years or more — they may be able to transfer genes from wild to cultivated wheat.
The map below is what GBIF knows about the geographic distribution of A. sharonensis ((Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Israel Nature and Parks Authority (accessed through GBIF data portal, http://data.gbif.org/datasets/resource/1431, 2007-08-14) US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection (accessed through GBIF data portal, http://data.gbif.org/datasets/resource/1429, 2007-08-14).)).
Rusty conclusions about iron deficiency
Iron deficiency anaemia is a big problem. WHO estimates that about 2 billion people — that’s roughly one in three — lack enough iron in the diet. And the consequences are grave for health and the economies of developing countries. So of course people are focused on ways to combat iron deficiency. Two hog the limelight: supplementation by adding iron to the diet and biofortification, breeding to add more iron to the staples that make up the diet. A recent paper in The Lancet reviews the story of iron deficiency and how to treat it. ((Michael B Zimmermann and Richard F Hurrell, Nutritional iron deficiency, The Lancet, 370 (9586), 11 August 2007-17 August 2007, Pp 511-520.)) Perhaps not surprisingly, the study concludes that “targeted iron supplementation, iron fortification of foods, or both, can control iron deficiency in populations”. And yet, having said that “dietary iron bioavailability is low in populations consuming monotonous plant-based diets,” the authors do not appear to have seriously considered the idea of trying to attack that monotony instead. Maybe enriching and diversifying those plant-based diets to include more dark green leafy vegetables and more pulses would be as effective, with additional benefits in other realms. But that kind of intervention isn’t nearly as glamorous, and gets little attention.
Of course, it could be that solving the problem of iron deficiency will just give rise to other difficulties. Another paper suggests that iron deficiency protects us against some of the epidemic contagious diseases that have hitched along as people crowded together in agriculturally-fed cities. ((S Denic and M Agarwal, Nutritional iron deficiency: an evolutionary perspective. Nutrition. 2007, 23:603-14. Epub 2007 Jun 20.)) Maybe iron deficiency — at least in moderation — is a good thing?
Underused plants symposium
I’m not sure if we’ve already noted that there is an international symposium on “Underutilized plants for food, nutrition, income and sustainable development” in the offing. Anyway, it is scheduled for 3-7 March 2008 in Arusha, Tanzania, and the deadline for submission of abstracts has just been extended to 31 August.
LATER: Here’s more.
What do you know about biodiversity?
That it has absolutely nothing to do with agriculture! That’s the only conclusion to be drawn from a report on the CABI blog about a study in the journal Biological Conservation. It reports a survey of “the general public” in the Cairngorm Mountains in Scotland, which tried to discover what they knew about biodiversity. (I’ve pinched my headline direct from them.) You might think the Cairngorms are not a very agricultural place, but you would be wrong. There’s a great deal of farming up there, to say nothing of timber industries. And some of the conservation efforts seek to duplicate farming practices that have fallen by the wayside. But to hear CABI tell it, even though the survey included foresters and “farmer students” there seemed to be almost no understanding of how agricultural practices are part and parcel of landscapes and their ecology. Bah!