Tangled Bank No. 77 is up at Aetiology, with its usual selection of blog-posts on biology in general. That includes Andy Jarvis’ piece on climate change here, and also news that chimpanzees may have been using tools — stones to crack nuts — for more than 4000 years. That doesn’t quite make them proto-hunter gatherers, but it is somewhat mind-blowing that the scientists were able to identify a bunch of stones as tools.
Gardens of Agricultural Biodiversity
From the Sarawak Biodiversity Centre, news of the ethnobotany garden. Dr Francis Ng reports that the half-hectare garden, which he designed, is flourishing, and that eventually he hopes to have more than 500 species — including Musa lokok, a previously unknown banana species — used by the local people on hand to study. The garden is close to the Orang Utan Centre at Semengok and has already been visited by schoolchildren. Eventually, Dr Ng says, tourists will be able to visit. Gardens of useful plants strike me as an excellent way to promote the virtues of agricultural biodiversity in a local context. I know of a couple, at Nabk in Syria and the Potato Park near Cusco, Peru, but there must be others.
Transgenic salmon
One of the major concerns about transgenic plants and animals has always been that they could escape and that transgenes could then spread into wild populations with mostly unforeseeable consequences. ((Contribution by Michael Kubisch)) For most farmed animal species, cattle, goats or sheep for example, this is not much of a problem because there are no true wild populations with which escapees could hybridize. However, farmed fish, such as salmon or catfish, do have wild relatives, reproduce relatively fast and farmed fish do occasionally escape into the wild, even in large numbers. This has led to a number of estimates and models of what impact such transgenic escapees might have on resident fish populations or on their prey species.
A recent article tells a cautionary tale about the value of such predictions by demonstrating that advantages which transgenic animals have “down on the farmâ€, such as a faster growth rate if they carry extra copies of the growth hormone (GH) gene, may in fact be less obvious  in the wild. The article describes a study in which GH-transgenic and wild-caught coho salmon were compared in either a conventional hatchery or a simulated natural environment. Under hatchery conditions, in which fish were fed a commercially available diet, the transgenic salmon grew to nearly three times the size of their wild cousins. However, in the natural environment, in which fish were exclusively fed natural food items, transgenics had only a 20% weight advantage. When the salmon were introduced to prey species, in this case trout fry, the impact of transgenic animals on their prey was reflective of their environment and size and the impact of transgenics on prey was much reduced.
While this says relatively little about the actual impact of transgenic escapees on resident fish populations, it does show that accurate predictions may be much harder to come by than previously assumed.
Indian potato chips
Indian potato growers are turning to a new, low-sugar variety of potato because it is better for making chips (crisps if you’re British), for which there is rapidly increasing demand. Would be interesting to monitor the effect on “local” varieties, no?
Sweet smelling durian
Dr Songpol Somsri from Thailand has done a lot of crossing of wild species of durian to come up with one that doesn’t smell like decomposing cats. There should be more recognition for this sort of achievement: it has a greater potential to add to the sum total of human happiness than any number of Nobel Prizes for economics, say.