West African food composition data by variety
Good news from FAO:
West African Food Composition Table / Table de composition des aliments d’Afrique de l’Ouest is available on the INFOODS website (http://www.fao.org/infoods/tables_africa_en.stm and http://www.fao.org/infoods/tables_africa_fr.stm) as PDF and Excel file. It includes 472 foods and 28 components.
Particularly good because data is provided for different, named varieties, for at least some crops. Here’s a screengrab of part of some of the entries for pearl millet, just to give you an idea:
And yes, in case you were wondering, those ikmv and ikmp numbers refer to genebank accessions, as it happens mainly at ICRISAT and USDA. Just insert “ikmp” in the little box at the top right hand corner of Genesys, for example.
Now, who’s going to send these data to USDA and ICRISAT for them to include in their databases? Wait a minute… Why is everybody looking at me?
Where do Pallay Poncho and Puka Lliclla come from?
Late blight resistant potato varieties don’t just come from Hungary, for use in Europe. They’re also increasingly important back in potato’s homeland, Peru. The CGIAR Consortium had a short story a couple of days back about Pallay Poncho and Puka Lliclla, two late blight resistant clones that CIP has been developing in collaboration with 200 Andean families in an area where an outbreak in 2003 devastated the harvest, the first time that has happened at such high altitude. But hopefully now the last, at least for a while, because of these new varieties. I wanted to know if material from countries other than Peru was involved in this work, but a glitch in CIP’s online database doesn’t make it easy to check that. Although you do get a pedigree for each variety, when you click on the ancestors you mainly get an error, which just means that particular clone is not conserved. You’d have to search for the family from which that clone came to trace back the full ancestry of each variety (by cutting off the digits after the decimal point in the accession number), which would be interesting to do, no doubt, but too laborious for me just now in my fragile, jetlagged state. Maybe the CIP informatics unit will look into it? I’ll let you know if they do.
Biodiversity is more than a matter of breeding
One of the great problems in talking about biodiversity is that it has so many different meanings. 1 That makes it easy to misunderstand one another, and to make mistakes.
So, for example, we pointed out that having great diversity in your pedigree does not confer any diversity in the here and now if all the offspring of those highly diversified matings are genetically identical. Our friend Mike Jackson was quick to point this out, and he recently followed up with a link to an IRRI annual report for 1997-98. Delivering Diversity to the Field amplifies the confusion, talking about the huge increase in the number of ancestors in a variety’s pedigree 2 and telling us that “these varieties have also increased the danger of genetic vulnerability to major disease or insect pest outbreaks”. Modern varieties, then, are more diverse because they have many “parents” and more vulnerable because they are more uniform. 3
All this is important because it addresses something that Bruce Chassy brought up in response to our criticism of his effort to debunk an anti-GMO paper by bringing biodiversity into the picture. Chassy wrote:
Biodiversity has taken on an almost spiritual meaning. I do not mean to in any way diminish the importance of biodiversity but sometimes when people start believing they stop thinking.
Amen to that. Chassy goes on to illustrate, as follows:
The American Chestnut comes to mind as species that was diverse and widespread through diverse ecosystems in the US. Three billion trees, 25-30% of all trees in the Eastern US, were nonetheless wiped out by a single disease, Asian bark fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) in a few short decades. Just a few scattered individuals remain of this once common tree. Biodiversity did not save them.
On the other hand, the Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) is propagated by root and shoots. A grove of these Aspen is essentially a giant monoclone; the specie itself appears to have very little biodiversity. They have survived for perhaps 100s of millions of years and have been called the largest living organisms since all the trees in a grove are connected by roots and can be thought of as part of one distributed organism. Lack of diversity appears not to have hurt this specie.
A number of common crops are propagated clonally as well. Naval oranges, bananas, potatoes, pineapples, apples are examples. Why doesn’t biodiversity matter to these crops? Because they were produced by plant breeders and are propagated commercially before being planted by farmers.
Where to begin?
At the beginning. Biodiversity can exist at several different levels. A landscape contains different species from different kingdoms. Populations of a single species will differ from one another. And individuals in a population will differ genetically from one another. So all those chestnuts may have been “diverse” but not where it counted, in their susceptibility to Chestnut blight, although at least one resistant individual has been found. As for Quaking Aspen, some groves are indeed large clones (as are groves of many other trees) but groves differ greatly from one another, and aspens will reproduce sexually, for example after fire, increasing the genetic diversity among stands. Aspens are also threatened by many pests and diseases.
I could make the same points with regard to vegetatively propagated crops and obligate out breeders. Clubroot, anyone?
One measure of diversity is the probability that two individuals chosen at random will share some specified quality, but it really matters what that quality is. Could be something as simple as a specific sequence of DNA. Could be a specific protein coded by the DNA (which can be identical even if there are differences in the DNA). Could be something as complicated as susceptibility to a disease, or resistance to drought. It’s complicated. But that’s no excuse for wilfully misusing an important concept.
