Breeding

August 20, 2019

Guide to a well trodden path

The International Seed Federation has a handy brief Guide to Genetic Resources online. It covers why plant genetic resources are important, and what arrangements are in place for access and benefit sharing ((With a link to their Genetic Resources Information Tree.)) — not surprisingly, perhaps, mainly from the point of view of crop breeders.

Breeders work mostly with modern varieties, the so-called “elite” genetic resources. Sometimes they look beyond modern varieties to develop a valuable attribute, such as resistance to new pests or diseases, nutritional content, or flavour. They might use nonelite varieties, such as landraces, heirlooms, or crop wild relatives, which come mostly from public or private gene banks.

The conservation of genetic resources is like having an insurance. By having a larger pool of genetic resources, plant breeders are more likely to find solutions that farmers and others need. This means that efforts to conserve genetic resources are critically important. These genetic resources may contain the traits that future generations will need.

There’s a page on genebanks, focusing on the international collections of CGIAR.

It’s ok as far as it goes, I guess, but I would have liked to see more on the role of national and regional genebanks, information sources such as Genesys and WIEWS, and traits beyond productivity.

August 19, 2019August 8, 2019

Brainfood: Mexican maize landraces, Mediterranean wheat landraces, Grassland richness, RTBs, Gender and agrobiodiversity, Kenya pastoralists, Production and child mortality, Historical evaluation data, Drought & rice, Barley diversity, Restoration, Sweetpotato shape, Panama disease phenotyping, Solanum keys

Single-gene resolution of locally adaptive genetic variation in Mexican maize. Let the gene editing begin.
From landraces to improved cultivars: Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of Mediterranean wheat using SNP markers. Landraces cluster geographically, modern varieties by breeding programme.
Global evidence of positive biodiversity effects on spatial ecosystem stability in natural grasslands. Higher species richness increases productivity in low-productivity communities, decreases it in high-productivity.
Understanding the consequences of changes in the production frontiers for roots, tubers and bananas. Forget marketing, focus research on productivity.
Gendered agrobiodiversity management and adaptation to climate change: differentiated strategies in two marginal rural areas of India. Women exercise more public control over agrobiodiversity in the Himalayas than in the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
Historical Ecologies of Pastoralist Overgrazing in Kenya: Long-Term Perspectives on Cause and Effect. Let pastoralists move around.
Mortality impact of low annual crop yields in a subsistence farming population of Burkina Faso under the current and a 1.5°C warmer climate in 2100. Low production in any given year responsible for considerable child mortality, which is likely to double because of climate change. If nothing is done.
Historical phenotypic data from seven decades of seed regeneration in a wheat ex situ collection. Don’t throw any data away.
Mapping drought-induced changes in rice area in India. 16% less rice area in a drought year compared to a normal year.
Development of a Multi-parent Population for Genetic Mapping and Allele Discovery in Six-Row Barley. Asian material has flowering time variants found nowhere else.
Ex situ collections and their potential for the restoration of extinct plants. There’s no excuse for not trying in situ.
Assessing the remarkable morphological diversity and transcriptomic basis of leaf shape in Ipomoea batatas (sweetpotato). Mainly genetic, at least as currently measured.
An Improved Phenotyping Protocol for Panama Disease in Banana. A single person can now inoculate 250 plants per hour.
Dichotomous keys to the species of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in continental Africa, Madagascar (incl. the Indian Ocean islands), Macaronesia and the Cape Verde Islands. Monumental.

August 12, 2019August 13, 2019

Brainfood: Mineral history, Tomato nutrients, Tomato breeding, Phenotyping plants, Restoration genomics, Green Revolution, Banana B, SPAM2005, Ancient Chinese wheat, Late blight, Sorghum seed size, N & stability, African cannabis, Brazil wheat, Wild safflower

Mineral nutrient composition of vegetables, fruits and grains: The context of reports of apparent historical declines. Apparent being the operative word. This is a couple of years old but always worth recycling. (There’s also this Politico piece from a couple of years back on the “nutrient collapse.”)
Phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of ex-situ conserved tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) germplasm. But there’s always room for improvement.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Germplasm Developed by Texas A&M Breeding Programs. Plenty of diversity out there for it.
Crop productivity as related to single-plant traits at key phenological stages in durum wheat. On isolated plants, only specific leaf weight and spike partitioning at anthesis were correlated with population yield.
The potential of genomics for restoring ecosystems and biodiversity. From improved seed sourcing to gene editing for funky genotypes.
Was the Green Revolution intended to maximise food production? No, apparently it was to encourage a move to commercial production in specific areas.
Musa balbisiana genome reveals subgenome evolution and functional divergence. The starch synthesis pathway is more active than in the A-subgenome. There’s probably more, but that’s all I could understand.
Pixelating crop production: Consequences of methodological choices. Crop prices and market access had little effect on the robustness of the SPAM2005 spatial production allocation model.
Phylogenetic and population structural inference from genomic ancestry maintained in present‐day common wheat Chinese landraces. 3000 old wheat not dissimilar to current landraces in W China.
Stacking three late blight resistance genes from wild species directly into African highland potato varieties confers complete field resistance to local blight races. But it’s GM so it doesn’t count, right?
Genomic signatures of seed mass adaptation to global precipitation gradients in sorghum. Drought stress led to bigger grains.
Nitrogen addition reduced ecosystem stability regardless of its impacts on plant diversity. Stability depends on more than just diversity. In grasslands.
A brief agricultural history of cannabis in Africa, from prehistory to canna-colony. Decolonise the weed.
Genetic Gain Over 30 Years of Spring Wheat Breeding in Brazil. 1.3% per year. Is it enough? Can it be sustained?
The Use of Wild Relatives of Safflower to Increase Genetic Diversity for Fatty Acid Composition and Drought Tolerance. So transgressive.

August 10, 2019August 9, 2019

Nibbles: Mango diversity, Feral hogs, OFSP, Synthetic kava, Linen, Posters, Pigeonpea pre-breeding, Breeding, Ancient yeast, European seeds

Nevis has 44 kinds of mango, including Amory Polly, which could actually be Amrapali आम्रपाली.
A twitter thread on “hogs, ferality, and race in American history.” If that doesn’t make you click nothing will.
“Can sweet potatoes reduce widespread vitamin A deficiency in Africa?” Guess.
The end of kava as we know it?
Making linen.
Better scientific posters? Here’s hoping.
Pigenonpea pre-breeding lines hit the bigtime.
Mapping fires from space. Part of an early warning system for crop wild relatives?
Roundup of how some breeders are preparing crops for climate change.
No expiration date on yeast.
A couple of European crop diversity projects: DYNAVERSITY and ReSEED.

August 8, 2019August 8, 2019

Nibbles: Crop map, Breeding, CePaCT, African coconut, Cacao & vanilla, Malaysian fruits, Basmati, Rice saving, Grapevine diversity, Wild foods, Cornell hemp genebank, Potato breeding course, Chinese aquaculture, Chinese trees, Plant identification, Menu language, Shepherding, US forests, Global fires, Red Listing, MERL, Pea gin

Nice vintage map of global crop distribution, starring wheat.
CIMMYT DG on the glories of plant breeding, starring wheat (p. 6).
Australia supports Pacific genebank. No wheat in sight.
Saving coconut. No, not in the Pacific.
The history of chocolate and vanilla. The crops, not the ice cream.
Speaking of ice cream: maybe someone should try making some out of these tasty endangered fruits before it’s too late.
Speaking of tasty: basmati.
Speaking of rice: this guy has 1420 varieties.
Hey, it’s not about the taste: it’s the ethics too, stupid. But, being wine, it’s also about the taste.
Speaking of ethics: what good is forest conservation if it stops people accessing wild foods.
At least one senator gets it.
You’ve got a few weeks to register for a potato breeding course. Using CWR, no less.
Amazing pics of Chinese aquaculture.
Chinese efforts to save ancient trees. No connection with above at all. And no pics.
Google will identify your plants. Of course it will.
Speaking at Google: a linguist (Dan Jurafsky) on menus.
Next generation shepherding in South Africa. No sign of Google, though. For now.
Interactive atlas of US forests. There goes the afternoon. Imagine if if ever got mashed up with the global fire atlas.
Automated Red List assessments. Wow.
The MERL has an exhibition on the history of farming. One of my favourite museums, one of my favourite topics. My cup runneth over.
Gin made from peas. Sometimes I hate farming.