- An ethnobotanical perspective on traditional fermented plant foods and beverages in Eastern Europe. 116 taxa, with a preponderance of Rosaceae.
- Estimating species diversity and distribution in the era of Big Data: to what extent can we trust public databases? Trust, but verify.
- Genetic diversity of nutritionally important carotenoids in 94 pea and 121 chickpea accessions. There’s carotenoid diversity in the Canadian collections.
- Role of conventional and biotechnological approaches in genetic improvement of castor (Ricinus communis L.). We have the technology. What we don’t have is results.
- Phaseolus from Cerén—A Late Classic Maya Site. The wilds were also eaten.
- The Potential Role of Neglected and Underutilised Crop Species as Future Crops under Water Scarce Conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some neglected species may be somewhat adapted to low water conditions, perhaps.
- The wild relatives of grape in China: Diversity, conservation gaps and impact of climate change. 15 of 39 species need help, especially as the range of many is expected to be reduced by climate change.
Fun ePhyto facts
I really look forward to receiving Fresh, the AVRDC Newsletter, every month. There’s always at least one thing of interest, which is all you can ask for in a newsletter. I would prefer that clicking on a link in the email alert took me to the full online version of the article I want to read, rather than to a big pdf to download and wade through, but I won’t quibble.
The article that caught my eye on this occasion was this one:
The creation of a new global electronic certification system that will help curb the spread of plant pests and diseases through international trade in a more secure and cost-effective way has been approved by representatives from 181 countries.
The Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM), the governing body of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), agreed in March 2015 to develop a global system of electronic phytosanitary certificates, known as ePhyto. The complex, bureaucratic process whereby millions of paper phytosanitary certificates are created, printed, and exchanged between countries each year will eventually be replaced by this online system. The current paper certificates serve to reassure importers that plant products, including food, have been inspected and found to be free of pests that could devastate local economies by harming agriculture or the environment.
ePhyto is expected to simplify and reduce the cost of global trade, increase the ability of countries to identify items that pose a high risk, and reduce the potential for fraud. The CPM endorsed a request to the Standards and Trade Development Facility of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to provide funds for the initial establishment of ePhyto.
The IPPC is also planning a pilot project to build capacity in developing countries to enable them to join ePhyto on a gradual basis. Several countries are already using some form of electronic certification, including Australia, Canada, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United States.
Will be interesting to see if this makes life any easier for genebanks distributing germplasm. And I wonder whether we’ll eventually see integration of this system with that of the SMTA.
But anyway, don’t let me stop you reading the whole newsletter. There’s other fun stuff in there, for example a story about a new African eggplant variety that’s making quite a splash.
Nibbles: Savannah diversity, Omani banana, Truffle dogs, Taro & reef, Organic returns, Interspecific hybrids, Silk worm DNA, Indian diversity, American-Indian diversity, Aquaculture, Edge of Extinction, Inga key, Mexican forests, Mexican genebank, Beer, Spanish wheat, Commodities & SDGs
- Metabarcoding of poop reveals secret of large herbivore diversity in African savannahs.
- Unique Omani banana fights pests.
- Truffle dogs: “Il cane, le corna non te le mette mai…”
- Traditional taro cultivation protects Hawaiian reef.
- Organic farming pays.
- Climate change favouring offspring of interspecies hybridization. Also in crops? Like brassicas maybe?
- Domestication of silk worm probed molecularly. Is that even a word?
- Video explains Baranaja. Spoiler alert: it’s the diversity, stupid.
- And along the same lines: rare seeds go home.
- Brazil wants to be among the top 5 fish producers in the world. What could possibly go wrong.
- Extracts from Jules Pretty’s book on what we can all learn from more nature-loving societies.
- The key to Inga conservation. Is keys.
- Community-based forest management in the Yucatan: “Future generations have the right to know them.” And not just the trees, bees too.
- Since we’re in Mexico: a visit to the genebank.
- The women of beer. None of them using cassava, though, alas.
- “El mercado tiene sus normas y los científicos no las conocemos”.
- Agro-commodity traders can be good for you. Somebody mention the market?
Brainfood: Indian germplasm, Fancy cores, African veggies, Aquaculture, Characterization, Nature and ag policies, European rewilding
- Indian plant germplasm on the global platter: an analysis. There’s a lot of it out there. But there could be more. And the total number of accessions in Genesys is mis-quoted by an order of magnitude. The message obviously resonates back home, though.
- Signal-processing tools for core-collection selection from genetic-resource collections. Fancy maths lets you combine data types to make better core collections.
- Impact of nutritional perceptions of traditional African vegetables on farm household production decisions: A case study of smallholders in Tanzania. People grow them because they think they’re nutritious.
- Can the Global Adoption of Genetically Improved Farmed Fish Increase Beyond 10%, and How? Through more public breeding, training and benefit-sharing. Well that sounds familiar.
- Phenotypic or Molecular Diversity Screening for Conservation of Genetic Resources? An Example from a Genebank Collection of the Temperate Forage Grass Timothy. Both.
- The alignment of agricultural and nature conservation policies in the European Union. It “remains a challenge.” Which means there isn’t any.
- Mapping opportunities and challenges for rewilding in Europe. Yeah, but see above.
The ins and outs of Indian crop diversity
Staff of India’s National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) recently published a very thorough analysis of the state of conservation of Indian crop diversity outside India. 1 One of the take-home messages was as follows. Yes, India has not yet formally declared what material “under its management and control” (which in the jargon means basically the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources) is in the Multilateral System of the Plant Treaty. But the fact is that a lot of Indian material is already in it, via other genebanks, largely (though not exclusively) the international collections managed by the CGIAR centres. And also in Svalbard.
That’s fair enough. But it’s only half the story, as the authors themselves readily admit:
This analysis does not attempt, in any manner, to undermine the significance of the exotic germplasm material received by India during the course of time, irrespective of the source. India is a recipient of a large amount of germplasm over the period of time from multiple donors including CG genebanks and other national genebanks.
Fortunately, we have data on both sides of the equation. Among the papers in support of next week’s third meeting of the Plant Treaty’s Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group to Enhance the Functioning of the Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing (sic) may be found “Twenty five years of international exchanges of plant genetic resources facilitated by the CGIAR genebanks: a case study on international interdependence,” a contribution from Bioversity. That includes the following table listing the 25 top countries providing germplasm to, and receiving germplasm from, the CGIAR centres over the period 1985-2009.
So India has contributed significantly to germplasm flows over the years — and also benefitted significantly. As has every other country on earth, I’m willing to bet. No getting around the fact that we’re all massively interdependent for crop diversity. (Stay tuned for more on that, there’s something in the works from our friend Colin Khoury that will approach the problem of quantifying interdependence from another angle…) Which is not to say that the functioning of the benefit-sharing side of the system cannot be improved upon. 2 And that of course is the task of the aforementioned Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group, and we wish them luck with the last round of deliberations that have been going on for over a year now. If you want to get an idea of which way their thinking is going, you could start with the draft of the resolution they would like the Governing Body of the Treaty to consider passing at their next big meeting in October.