- Palmhugger, an oilpalm advocacy group, likens Greenpeace to Goebbels. Who are they really? CIFOR is linking to them on Facebook, so they’re probably kosher, right?
- Nice story on breadfruit in Hawaii.
- More barcoding stuff.
- Reader: We must have a bank of seeds of our fruits and vegetables. Minister of Agriculture: We do!
- Australian wheat boffins: “Adaptation strategies need to be considered now to prevent substantial yield losses in wheat from increasing future heat stress.”
AVRDC’s treasure trove of diversity
I was recently at AVRDC headquarters in Taiwan and was quite taken with their demonstration garden. (Among other things. The genebank operation is also impressive, and recovering from a recent unfortunate setback.) It’s a wonderful display of both vegetable diversity and cultivation systems. I was going to blog about it, but then life intervened, or at least work did. Anyway, the latest issue of AVRDC’s newsletter has a piece on the garden, and they have kindly agreed for us to reprint it here, as the newsletter itself is not available online. Which kinda gets me off the hook. The photographs are mine. The following text (and this post’s title) are courtesy of AVRDC.
Although there are thousands of plants people can consume, humanity relies on only a relative handful for food. Indigenous vegetables — whether semi-wild or domesticated — can greatly expand the menu. Grown primarily in their centers of origin or introduced in a given area, indigenous or traditional vegetables provide food in times of scarcity for the world’s poorest people, yet these hardy, nutritious species often are underutilized.
What began in 2001 as an experimental field on the grounds of the AVRDC headquarters campus in Shanhua, Taiwan has blossomed into a 0.63-hectare living example of the mission and work of AVRDC — The World Vegetable Center.
“The Demonstration Garden was designed as an observation plot for indigenous vegetables when we got the project from the Taiwan Council of Agriculture in the beginning,” said Mandy Lin, an assistant specialist in AVRDC Global Technology Dissemination. After 10 years of development, more than 60 different species of indigenous vegetables are cultivated in 200 plots of various sizes and shapes to showcase the special qualities of each species and promote their wider use. The range of species grown also maintains visual interest as the seasons change.
The indigenous vegetables in the garden were selected for three significant characteristics—ease of cultivation (low input), nutritional quality, and resistance to pests and diseases. Visitors touring the Demonstration Garden often are surprised by the number and variety of indigenous vegetables, and the different edible parts, from shoots and leaves to pods and seeds. “We want to convey a simple but principal message to every visitor—that a diverse diet including many different vegetables is beneficial to health,” Mandy said.
In July 2008 the Center’s Global Technology Dissemination group expanded the function of the Demonstration Garden to highlight four major mature technologies: low-cost drip irrigation, starter solution, grafting chambers, and protective shelters. Farmers in developing countries can adopt these technologies to increase yields, improve produce quality, and reduce production costs.
Visitors and AVRDC staff members alike gain new ideas and inspiration as they walk through the garden, enjoy the rich diversity of plants, and see farming technologies in use. As Mandy observed: “You think you are taking care of crops, but in fact they educate you with their beauty and variety.”
Genebanks shenebanks
Why bother building and maintaining huge robotic genebanks, I hear you ask? They’ll just take over the world and we’ll end up having to deal with the Terminator in a few years’ time, no? Well, as it happens there are two pieces today on the Worldwatch Institute’s blog which explain the reasons. Yassir Islam of HarvestPlus says that researchers are “scour[ing] seed banks to find seeds that contain the desired nutrients and then breed these into popular varieties using conventional methods.” And Cary Fowler of the Global Crop Diversity Trust turns to Ug99:
Where do you suppose scientists are looking for a way to deal with the disease? Just as Professor Borlaug did, they are screening hundreds of varieties of wheat to find one that shows resistance to the disease. Where would we turn if we did not have that diversity available in genebanks?
What more do you need? Oh yeah:
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that a third of all genetic resources for food and agriculture have already been lost in the last 100 years.
Right. But at least it’s an improvement on 75%.
Robotic genebanks
And this is the corridor leading to the long-term cold store.
There’s a control room from which you can order a particular tray of accessions.
And here it is coming out.
But you can also go into one of the cold stores and pick out individual accessions by hand if you prefer. 
The long-term genebank holds about 356,000 accessions of 735 species, including 72,000 of rice and 45,000 of wheat. The total capacity is about 400,000, so a new facility is being built, with a capacity of 1.5 million accessions. This long-term store is the apex of a national system comprising dozens of mid-term national and local seed genebanks spread throughout the country. Plus of course there are also field and in vitro collections. The whole collection in the national genebank is duplicated at another site in China. Not at Svalbard, though. Yet.
Unbottling the lentil
It is well known that crops go through a genetic bottleneck at domestication. Due to the founder effect, they typically show a fraction of the genetic diversity found in their wild relatives. Which is bad, but fixable: fixing it is the plant breeder’s job — or part of it anyway. What’s less well known, according to a recent paper on lentils by Willy Erskine and co-authors in GRACE, is that the movement of a crop around the world can also often lead to bottlenecks. ((Erskine, W., Sarker, A., & Ashraf, M. (2010). Reconstructing an ancient bottleneck of the movement of the lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris) into South Asia Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution DOI: 10.1007/s10722-010-9582-4))
Lentil cultivation moved from Afghanistan into the Indo-Gangetic Plain sometime between 7000 and 4000 BC. The authors “reconstructed” this movement by growing random subsets of the ICARDA world lentil collection at two sites, Islamabad and Faisalabad, in Pakistan. Faisalabad is typical of conditions in the Plain, Islamabad is a transitional, mid-altitude environment.
They found that most Afghani accessions did not flower in Islamabad before the local material matured, due to a combination of temperature and photoperiod, the main determinants of flowering in lentils. The few that did were among the most late-flowering in the world. This is probably related to the shift in sowing from winter to spring as lentils moved from their area of origin in lowland SE Turkey and N Syria into the central Asian plateau. The data from Faisalabad in addition showed that every week’s delay in flowering resulted in a 9% loss of yield potential in the lowlands.
So there was strong selection for reduced sensitivity to photoperiod and a return to early flowering as the lentil moved into the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and consequently a genetic bottleneck. ((Incidentally, I am told by Jacob that a genetic bottleneck related to flowering time (earliness) also occurs in the Northern flint maize varieties in the US and Canada.)) But in a way the surprising thing is that there was no cork in the bottle. Where did the genetic variation that allowed adaptation to the Plain come from? The authors note that time to flower in lentils is controlled by both single gene and polygenic systems, and that early flowering is always recessive. Those recessive alleles for early flowering, which may have come from introgression from a wild relative in Afghanistan, must have occasionally come together and been selected for at mid-altitudes, which then “allowed selection for a radically earlier flowering habit as a new adaptive peak for the novel environment of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.”
The challenge is now for breeders to use these insights to broaden the genetic base of the crop in India, where lentil germplasm “is among the least variable among lentil-producing countries for agro-morphological traits … despite its vast area of cultivation there today.”