Speaking of digital imagery and its uses in genebanks, get a load of the recently published catalogues of the Cuban sweet potato collection at the Research Institute of Tropical Roots and Tuber Crops (INIVIT), and of Peruvian cacaos. Beautiful. And do yourself a favour and don’t skip the foreword, preface and introduction to the Cuban volume. I found them very eloquent — and moving. Maybe a touch overwrought, admittedly, but it does take some gumption to say, of sweetpotato, in a genebank catalogue of all places, that: “Today, history grants it its revenge.” I just hope it’s true.
A picture is worth a thousand descriptors
For decades, germplasm characterization has relied on people looking at plants, seeds and fruits and recording what they see; first on paper forms, more recently admittedly on tablets and the like. I’ve done that myself, and let me tell you, recording the colour of taro stems on bits of damp paper in the middle of a forest clearing in Vanuatu is no fun.
Lately, thankfully, the camera has been taking over.
A recent overview of new tools for plant genebanks highlights digital photography as a way of capturing standardized information on the colour, size and morphology of seeds and other plant parts, alongside more sophisticated technologies such as hyperspectral imaging and mobile field sensors. The attraction is obvious: instead of recording a handful of descriptors by eye, images can capture a much richer set of characteristics that can subsequently be measured and analysed at your leisure.
The potential is particularly striking for fruit crops. A new study of heritage apples used controlled multi-view imaging to characterize about 350 accessions over three years and two locations. Fancy maths achieved 95% accuracy in distinguishing 38 cultivars, rising to 99% when images of three fruits were combined.
And the technology does not necessarily require sophisticated equipment. In a recent demonstration with beans with complex colour patterns, Miguel Angel Acosta Chinchilla used ordinary photographs, image pre-processing and clustering algorithms to extract dominant palettes and colour distributions.
We’re moving from a limited number of human-defined descriptors to infinitely explorable machine-readable phenotypes. An image can preserve information that nobody thought to score at the time, and algorithms can return to it later to measure traits that were not originally part of the characterization protocol. For genebanks, that could be transformative. A photograph taken today may become a source of data for questions that don’t actually arise until tomorrow.
I wish I had a digital camera with me in that taro patch twenty-odd years ago. Goodness knows what people could be finding in those photos now.
The accessions in Spain fall mainly everywhere
My ex-colleagues at the Crop Trust have a very nice animation on the Genesys blog-type thing showing the progress of landrace collecting around the world over the past 125 years.
Do please read the post for the details of how it was done, and some observations on the results.
Here I just wanted to highlight something that has always intrigued me: how did Spain get so heavily collected? It’s really striking how in any global map of collecting localities, Spain looks like a solid carpet, with genebank accessions from practically every nook and cranny. More so than most neighbouring countries, I would say.
Well, it’s a little difficult to be sure because there’s no slider on the animation to take it backwards and forwards at will, but it looks like a burst of collecting first in the 40s, and then some filling in of gaps in the 80s, are responsible for the blanket coverage.
Maybe someone more familiar with the history of germplasm collecting in Spain can explain more.
Brainfood: Avocado history, Brazil commuity seedbanks, Citizen science, Agroecology double, Indigenous knowledge, Turkish seeds, Swiss biodiversity
- Ethnobotanical and genetic assessments of Central American avocado landraces reveal novel sources of biodiversity and ancient migration patterns. DNA from landraces, and interviews with farmers, show that people transported and cultivated avocados across the Americas long before European contact, with landraces from lowland Nicaragua and Honduras in particular showing evidence of ancient migration from South America.
- The Circle of Seeds: An Ethnography of Seed Guardianship and the Making of Agroecological Futures in Paraná, Brazil. Community seed banks depend on relationships of care, reciprocity and collective labour, especially among women farmers, and not just on knowing how to store seeds properly. Though that helps, clearly.
- iNaturalist as a Tool to Improve Agroecological Biodiversity Knowledge: An Ecuadorian Case Study. A citizen science platform can strengthen agroecological biodiversity knowledge, but more efforts are needed to engage farmers.
- Are agroecological practices pro-poor? Evidence from smallholder farms in Zimbabwe. Farmers using agroecological practices were generally wealthier and their farms were more diverse in crop and livestock species, but the association between the use of improved practices and diet outcomes was inconsistent.
- Regenerative agriculture for dietary diversity and food security in Zambia. Agroecological practices were positively correlated with improved dietary quality and food security, including (though not exclusively) through farm production diversity. No word on the wealth of the farmers involved.
- Indigenous Peoples’ knowledge systems and practices for climate survival. Indigenous knowledge systems, including of farmers, offer tested approaches to climate adaptation and resilience that warrant a central place in responses to environmental change.
- Guardians of Agricultural Biodiversity: Farmer Perceptions and Sustainability of Local Seed Varieties in Turkish Highlands. Farmers continue to maintain local seed varieties, driven as much by social, cultural and market considerations as by agronomic performance. But they need support.
- Religion, spirituality and faith of Swiss farmers in relation to biodiversity-linked farming behaviour. Farmers’ religious and spiritual values can shape biodiversity-friendly management decisions, showing personal belief systems are important in conservation. Even in Switzerland.
Nibbles: Cambridge genebank job, Grapevine roundup, PlantSearch-Accessions, India agrobiodiversity roadmap
- Cambridge University Botanic Garden is looking for a Seed Bank Coordinator, with applications closing on 16 August.
- Our friend Colin Khoury at the New York Botanical Garden explores the remarkable diversity, evolution and cultural significance of grapevines, highlighting why these climbing plants deserve more attention.
- BGCI releases a major update to PlantSearch, expanding access to accession-level data from botanic garden collections worldwide.
- India’s National Advisory Board on Management of Genetic Resources outlines a roadmap to strengthen the conservation and sustainable use of the country’s agrobiodiversity. Hopefully botanical gardens are included.