Vegetable Culture: Raymond Sokolov

Ooops. I hadn’t fully checked my programme. Before the estimable Jim Godfrey there’s a panel discussion on Vegetable Culture, which I suspect will allow for a diversity of views.

The reason is that the planned speaker, Simon Schama, is unable to be here. Grave disappointment.

Ceremonials over — winner of the Sophie Coe prize sounds like a fascinating paper on the poppy in Anatolia, which I’ll try to obtain — the panelists are taking the stage. Paul Levy, Raymond Sokolov, Fuchsia Dunlop and Elisabeth Luard.

Ray Sokolov is restaurant critic for the Wall Street Journal. He sees not the depreciation of vegetables, but a tension in the west in which vegetables are a superior product, in addition to being the low-down food of the poor. He then goes through a series of quotations from classical sources. We’re on Jacob and Esau and the mess of potage; not very complex, but also a harbinger of the future, with famished Esau, the hunter, willing to sell out his future for something to eat. Hunting and gathering succumbs to agriculture and the settled life.

Homer, in The Iliad 13, “588 or so” talks about an arrow bouncing off the shield of noble Menelaus, “as when on a threshing floor black beans or chickpeas bounce off the winnowing fan”. War contrasted with peaceful harvest.

Virgil wrote a poem that is basically a recipe for salad.

Now we’re on Shakespeare, contrasting Falstaff as the gross meat-eating prole — “capons by the ton” — contrasted with Llewellyn promoting the virtues of the leek. “Will you not eat my leek,” he asks, which could be misconstrued.

Virginia Woolf “is completely anti-vegetable in a way, but not really”. Followed by a quote about the poorness of English cooking from To The Lighthouse.

Live blogging OSFC

This is going to be an experiment. I’m not sure how it will go. But as I am in Oxford for the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, and as the topic is vegetables, we thought it might be an entertaining wheeze to see if I can live blog it. I can foresee two problems.

One, sitting here typing will disturb people. That could easily make me stop. Two, I’ll run out of juice. Despite the wonderful facilities, there doesn’t seem to be an outlet anywhere nearby. And three (did I say two?) in addition to plenary sessions, there are parallel sessions and it might be awkward rushing from one to another.

But I’ll give it a go. So here I am, waiting in the plenary hall for Jim Godfrey, chairman of the board of CIP, the International Potato Centre, to do his spuddy thing.

Feasting it up in the Neolithic

A Guardian article on the evidence for large-scale feasting at Stonehenge, and in particular on the long-range movement of cattle to the site, reminded me that I had wanted to link to a more general paper about the phenomenon of Neolithic feasting. I have only had access to the abstract so far, but the paper seems to argue that feasting and agriculture went hand in hand, and that in fact the practice may have led to the domestication of cattle. Bit of a chicken-and-egg problem there, at first sight, but I’ll wait for the full text before commenting on that at any greater length. In any case, it seems that barbecues go back much further than the Neolithic.

Actually, I may as well put another marker down. Dienekes’ Anthropology Blog, my source for the feasting paper, also recently had a post about crop domestication. Again, I don’t have the full text yet, and will discuss this more fully when I do. But it seems the paper argues that there is a tension in the data on crop domestication between archaeology, which shows that the process was slow, stop-start and dispersed geographically, and the genetics, “suggesting that domestication (sic) plants are monophyletic, the result of a single domestication event in a definite place.” Well, I don’t think the genetics is saying that at all for many crops, but, be that as it may, the paper apparently presents a simulation model which shows that “multiple-origin crops are actually more likely to result in monophyly than single-origin ones.”

Malanga comes through Ike

Cuba has not been lucky this hurricane season. The latest storm to hit is Ike. Damage to agriculture has been extensive, but there is a glimmer of good news:

In Cienfuegos, plantain and sweet potato are affected, as well as vegetables and citrus such as grapefruit and orange. The one crop that hasn’t been affected is malanga – a tuber kind of like potato.

Malanga is Xanthosoma, and Cuban researchers have had a great interest in the crop.

As Grahame Jackson says in his Xanthosoma Yahoo Group post, “diversity of local food crops is so important in countries where there are threats from natural disasters, hurricanes, torrential monsoons, droughts.” Indeed. And we do have some idea of where the threats are going to be concentrated, and therefore where agrobiodiversity will be most needed.

Exploring a Belgian genebank

I’m jealous of Luigi’s ability to work and play almost simultaneously. 1 He visits a market in Sarajevo and within hours his words and pictures are gracing this page. I visit a genebank in Belgium and it is more than a fortnight before I manage to pull anything together. But no more whining. On with the show.

I was privileged to get a guided tour of the International Transit Centre in Leuven, home of Bioversity’s International Musa collection, which is supported in part by the Global Crop Diversity Trust. There are good reasons for it to be in Belgium, but it is still a glorious sight to see banana plants scraping the roof of a 5-metre tall greenhouse.

IMG_3766.JPG That’s Rony Swennen in the picture, doing his tour guide schtick in the main greenhouse. He runs the show. One of the things that’s hard to understand, coming from a purely cultivated view of the banana, is the role that some species play in the wild. They can be really opportunistic colonisers.

IMG_3767.JPG Just in front of Rony was a specimen of Musa velutina, with pinky-red skinned fruit. And beneath it, a veritable carpet of seedlings. M. velutina is a pioneer species that often spreads rapidly into newly cleared areas and can choke riverbanks and the like.

IMG_3770.JPG It isn’t all bananas in the greenhouse. There is also Taro, and a few other tropical crops that are normally propagated vegetatively. Leuven has been named a Global Centre of Excellence in Cryopreservation. The researchers have perfected the protocols for preserving banana cells in liquid nitrogen, and now they tweak them for many other crops and train scientists from other countries to do the delicate work of cryopreservation.

IMG_3774.JPG Cryopreservation has many benefits over keeping plants in tissue-culture, the standard genebank technique for clonal crops. It’s cheap and efficient, once the capital costs are accounted for. But both methods can obscure problems. Frozen material, just like stuff in tissue culture, occasionally suffers a mutation in its DNA. So from time to time samples are grown out to check that they haven’t changed dramatically. The plant on the left has, and the batch from which it came will be discarded. The rate of such off-types is about 7%. That’s low. But the genebank has multiple samples of each accession, to be sure, to be sure.

IMG_3776.JPG

So there you have it. A quick romp through what I did on my recent travels. More later.