Measuring agricultural productivity is easy, right? Kilogrammes per hectare and you’re done. But that’s almost the least interesting thing the land is producing, or so I thought. Then a tweet passed my way yesterday.
Calories per acre – the new metric to follow http://t.co/zJfxUYVtr9 @WashingtonPost @TamarHaspel
— GHI Harvest 2050 (@Harvest2050) July 14, 2015
I saw that because someone I follow was, unsurprisingly, enthusiastic.
Glad to see that @Harvest2050's buying in to calories per acre! Do we have a bandwagon yet? https://t.co/aDcpC8m7TD
— Tamar Haspel (@TamarHaspel) July 14, 2015
And despite myself, and despite the fact that I know that actual discussion is all but impossible over there, I tried to make a case for nutrition per hectare. Predictably, I guess, that ended up with a smug pat-on-the-head putdown that sent me whizzing to the channels under my control, ready to think a little more deeply about how to measure agricultural productivity.
If you’re an industrial farmer, growing grain to sell, then I guess kg per ha is a reasonable measure. You might even think kcal per ha a bit too fancy pants. And the less waste straw you have to deal with, the better. For a small-scale farmer, however, perhaps with a few animals to bed and feed, that straw is decidedly not waste. It is part of production. The weight of seed is important, but it isn’t the only thing.
Now go further, and imagine that you’re eating what the land produces. Maybe now kcal per ha makes a bit more sense, but only a bit more, and not only because it takes more than energy to sustain life. By that measure, half a hectare of beans and half a hectare of maize or wheat is probably less productive than a hectare of pure wheat. Cereals and pulses, however, make up for one another’s amino acid deficiencies, so the total nutrition that a person could derive from that half and half hectare is greater than from a pure hectare of either. Carve out some space in that hectare for a few rows of leafy greens and what have you, and the productivity of the land, measured as “nutrition” is even higher. Allow a few animals to process the “waste” and it is higher still.
Which is why I think nutrition per hectare is the best measure of agricultural production.
Calories are, of course, part of nutrition, but by no means the most important part over the long run. We have tables of recommended daily allowances for macronutrients like Calories (or their proxies) and for micronutrients. We could calculate nutrients per Calorie for different kinds of produce. We could even try to express productivity as the percentage of the RDA for all nutrients that would be provided by some area of land. We could do lots of things more sensible — and more difficult — than Calories per hectare.
p.s. I want to put a marker down here for a couple of things I know are important and that I am choosing to ignore for now. One is the inputs necessary to achieve the agricultural outputs. The other is the sustainability and variance of the production over time.
we have an obese population that is undernourished. We need to focus on nutrient rich foods, not just calories.
The industrial/small-scale farmer dichotomy may not be the most useful one for nutrition. Even on one farm of anything but the larger scales the division garden-orchard, in-field and outfield may be the best contribution to human nutrition (with a diversity of kinds of crops and types of food) and a diversity of plant nutrient management – from recycling compost and waste in gardens, through small livestock (and often fish in East Asia, with mud taken out every few years for fields.), incorporation of fruit trees through to rice paddies and duck farming and short rotations of contrasting crops. And mixed garden-farm production can also include sellable crops with poor nutritional value – for example, intense gardening of black pepper sold for staple food purchase and robusta coffee in Uganda.
Harvest Planner is a tool that allows you to design a nutritionally complete diet, based on the characteristics of the person eating that diet, and then shows you the approximate area needed, based on your yield assumptions. A new version has just been released that also allows you to lay out your selected crops in your garden or field over time for optimal succession planting and getting the most out of your growing area. I thought this tool may be useful to check out and helpful to those trying to grow more nutrition per hectare.
Thanks for the tip. Harvest Planner can be found here.