Bees in the UK

Another post from Danny. Maybe we should be giving him frequent flier miles. Anyway, it’s on a subject we’ve tackled before, but not, I think, from a British perspective.

Having just been interviewed for a job in Limerick, and with one panel member expressing an interest in biodiversity of ants and bees, I thought it might be interesting to post on this subject. It is also pouring with rain and blowing a gale so I have little better to do as I sit around Limerick railway station awaiting the next train to Dublin. Honey bees ‘wiped out in 10 years’, in yesterday’s Observer reports the threat posed to British bees by devastating diseases, especially the real danger that colony collapse disease will be introduced to the country.

It is estimated that bees contribute £165m a year to the economy through the pollination of fruit trees and other crops and about £12m through the sale of British honey. This is certainly an undervaluation when the other benefits of bees are considered. ‘If nothing is done about it, the honey bee population could be wiped out in 10 years,’ the Farming Minister, Lord Rooker, has admitted in the House of Lords. But, despite this importance of bees to the nation’s economy, the government has said it has no cash left to fund a research project to investigate the ‘killer’ diseases. The amount needed? The British Beekeeping Association is asking for a £8m research project that would run for five years. At a conservative estimate this is about 1% of the revenue that bees generate over the same period!

The article is accompanied by a video describing how the world’s largest pollination event in California’s almond orchards is under threat. The video also describes the interesting occupation of honeybee broker.

Threatened livestock species?

Many thanks to Michael Kubisch for this contribution.

An interesting recent article in Molecular Ecology asks the provocative question of whether cattle, sheep and goats are endangered species. ((Taberlet P, Valentini A, Rezaei HR, Naderi S, Pompanon F, Negrini R, Ajmone-Marsan P. (2008) Mol. Ecol. 17(1):275-84. Are cattle, sheep, and goats endangered species?)) Yes, that is species, not breeds. While nobody will question the fact that many livestock breeds all over the world are at risk of disappearing, the suggestion that whole species may be at risk would seem far-fetched.

Well, not if you’re a geneticist. The article nicely summarizes what’s been lost in terms of genetic variation and the overwhelming impression one gets is that it’s quite a bit. Even in breeds such as Holstein cattle where animals number in the millions, the effective population size, which is an indicator of the degree of genetic variation, would suggest that such populations tend to be relatively homogeneous. The primary reason for this is, as one might expect, mostly economic necessity. The selection pressure for increasing production of desired commodities has inevitably led to the loss of genetic diversity. What seems to have accelerated this loss is the use of modern technologies such as artificial insemination, which allows for rapid and widespread dispersal of the genetic attributes of relatively few males. And this may just be the beginning. The fact that advances in cloning technology now make it feasible to generate transgenic animals with added, deleted or altered genes means that such changes would by necessity depend on their dispersal on very few founder animals. So it is likely that this trend is not only continuing but may, in fact, be accelerating.

Adapting in the Andes

Climate change is leading to an increase in late blight and other diseases in Andean potato fields, and farmers are moving up the mountain in response. They’re also trying to figure out which of their dozens of varieties — plus others from genebanks, especially CIP’s — are going to do best, where. Hear all about it at NPR. There’s a great slideshow too.