Varroa mites have appeared on the island of Oahu. These parasites of bees are a known cause of colony death. The current worry is for the honey industry. But I expect crops may suffer too if the island loses its hives. ((Thanks Invasive Species Weblog.))
Bee immunity
We’ve spent some time on the big bee die off (although not on the mobile phones) as have many other blogs and newspaper articles. In the US, the problem has reached epidemic proportions and has raised serious concerns about the future of several crops that depend to a large degree on bee pollination. Unfortunately recent evidence seems to suggest that the problem, which has been called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has been spotted in Europe, as well. The cause or causes of CCD are unknown, but the list includes the usual suspects ranging from transgenic crops and pathogens to global warming and newly developed pesticides. Oh yes, and cell phones.
So the e-publication of a paper due to appear in the Journal of Heredity ((Variation and Heritability in Immune Gene Expression by Diseased Honeybees. Laura I. Decanini, Anita M. Collins, and Jay D. Evans Journal of Heredity Advance Access published online on April 2, 2007, doi:10.1093/jhered/esm008)) (behind a paywall) is timely. It describes the heritability and genetic variation of a gene called abaecin which is a key component of the immune system of bees.
Bees, like nearly all eukaryotes, have an innate immunity, but are generally thought to lack the additional adaptive immune response, which we and most other vertebrate species have. That is to say insects can’t get the ‘flu and respond by making specific antibodies to the virus (In fairness, the notion that insects do not have an adaptive immune system has been challenged recently by studies in Drosophila. ((Extensive Diversity of Ig-Superfamily Proteins in the Immune System of Insects Fiona L. Watson, Roland Püttmann-Holgado, Franziska Thomas, David L. Lamar, Michael Hughes, Masahiro Kondo, Vivienne I. Rebel, Dietmar Schmucker. Science Vol. 309, pp. 1874 – 1878 DOI: 10.1126/science.1116887 Abstract here.)) )
To find out whether abacein expression differed between bee populations, scientists at the US Department of Agriculture crossed several unrelated males into a homogeneous maternal background and then challenged the offspring with Paenibacillus larvae. This is the bacterium that causes American foulbrood, a widespread larval disease of bees. Subsequent measurements in affected larvae showed that the level of abaecin was moderately heritable but highly variable, differing by as much as 10,000 times between different lines. Why this is variation exists at all is a matter of speculation, but it might be due to selective pressures: an arms race between hosts and different pathogen strains or species.
At any rate an understanding of the components of the immune response in bees at the molecular level and the realization that there appears to exist considerable genetic variation that could be exploited would seem to offer one of the more promising approaches to selection for pathogen resistance. Whether that will stop CCD is anyone’s guess ((From Michael Kubisch)).
Relax, Fidel
The Food and Agriculture Organization is on the case. Top experts to weigh impact of bioenergy: Focus on environment and food security.
Welsh pony in trouble?
A long article in icWales, the self-described “national website of Wales,” details the predicament of the local pony breed. Once an important part of everyday rural life – and indeed industrial life, due to their use in coal mines – more recently a children’s trekking pony, there is now limited demand for the breed. Wild herds have thus declined dramatically, no doubt resulting in genetic erosion. Does it matter? A resounding yes echoes around the hills.
Smorgasbord: take what you need
Like a perfectly assembled buffet, everyone should be able to find something nourishing in Fidel Castro’s latest essay: Where Have All the Bees Gone? And Other Reflections on the Internationalization of Genocide ((Actually, I don’t know whether that is the title he gave it himself, but it’ll do)). Ranging across more topics than you can shake a stick at, he says a couple of things that I happen to agree need saying. Like criticising the modern mania for biofuels: it’s a sick joke in developed countries. As The Economist said two weeks ago, “It is not often that this newspaper finds itself in agreement with Fidel Castro, Cuba’s tottering Communist dictator. But …” ((In fairness, they were commenting on an earlier essay by Castro, but one that contained the same points))
(Disparities between Cuba’s infant mortality rate and medical services and those of the United States are not the subject of this blog.)
Then there are the bees. Here’s Fidel:
Scientists are entertaining all kinds of hypotheses, including the theory that a pesticide may have caused the bees’ neurological damage and altered their sense of orientation. Others lay the blame on the drought and even mobile phone waves, but, what’s certain is that no one knows exactly what has unleashed this syndrome.
There’s enough trickiness around without going into the mobile phone argument. I’d be happy to be proved wrong on this, but for now I’m not even prepared to link to the many, many outpourings on the subject. Let’s just say that mobile phones are the least of Cuba’s worries, with the lowest penetration of any country in South America.