An audio recording of a 90-minute panel discussion is not something to tangle lightly with, not even when the topic is one of my favourites: fermentation. I finally got around to it, though, and I’m very glad I did.
The recording dates from exactly a year ago today, which I swear I didn’t know before writing this, and a discussion at the American Museum of Natural History as part of their series Adventures in the Global Kitchen. The Art of Fermentation featured Sandor Katz, who needs no introduction to fermentation heads, and Dan Felder, head of research and development at the Momofuku Culinary Lab. ((I am unable to say anything about Momofuku that hasn’t already been said, other than that it is somewhere I want to go and eat, preferably within the next 12 months.))
I found it really fascinating even though – possibly because – I know a bit about fermentation. And one bit in particular joined fermentation to another interest: seeds and intellectual property rights. I know!
Starting at about 1 hr and 8 mins, Sandor Katz was explaining why, if you decide to do home-made yoghurt with most store-bought yoghurt as a starter, it is ok for the first generation or two but by three and four is pretty runny and not very good. He said that bulk industrial yoghurt depends on pure cultures of just two species of bacterium, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Local, heirloom yoghurts, if you will, contain those two as part of a larger ecosystem, and the ecosystem as a whole is able to defend itself from microbial interlopers, whereas the pure cultures are not. And that’s why an heirloom yoghurt can be renewed generation after generation without changing much in its properties.
Katz pointed out that greater control for the manufacturer means some benefits but less self-sufficiency for the consumer. You can buy their yoghurt, but you can’t use it to make your own. And he specifically likened that to the development of F1 hybrid seeds, which likewise offer benefits at the expense of self-sufficiency. Because you can’t save your own seeds from F1 hybrids.
Except, of course, that you can. You don’t get what you started off with, but that’s the point. With time and space and a little bit of knowledge you can dehybridise F1s, exploiting all the goodies that the breeders put in there and, who knows, coming up with something as good or better and being able to maintain that generation to generation. I have no idea whether you can do that with industrial yoghurt, exposing it to a bit more wild culture and selecting among mini-batches.
And that led to a not very satisfactory discussion of intellectual property rights as they relate to ferments and the kind of work Dan Felder is doing with Momofuku. “I can’t talk about that,” he said, disarmingly. But then he did, worrying that plagiarism was much more common than credit and attribution among chefs. And that’s why they keep some things secret.
Katz then pointed out that we owe all the ferments and most of the techniques in use today to generations of experimenters before us. Sound familiar?
Ferments and techniques, but not substrates, countered Felder, who makes a miso based on Sicilian pistachios, and much else besides. He was proud to accept that he was building on generations of experimentation and tradition. Just not writing it up on Twitter.
Assuming when you use “de-hybrized” you mean selecting subsequent generations towards a stable ideotype resembling one of the parents, or the F1 itself….as opposed to using F2 from hybrid to create new breeding populations and develop brand new materials. That term is an awkward one and never sure what people mean by it. But regardless, there are instances where continued seed saving and breeding (or stabilizing) from hybrids would be difficult for the amateur seed saver. It’s my understanding that if the hybrid was created using cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) than the subsequent offspring are male sterile unless crossed with a restorer line. The F2 seeds would grow, but not produce pollen, and so hamper attempts at selection towards a stable type.
Sure, there may be difficulties in some cases. But that just makes it more interesting. And one might not necessarily want to select for something that resembles the parent; one might end up with some new genotype that is good.
I absolutely agree with you – the beauty of F2 is all the segregates and options it brings. My point was that the amateur seed saver needs to understand that it radish, cabbage, broccoli, onions and other crops the hybrids may have been made with CMS, and they would need to restore fertility before continuing in their backyard experiments. Tomatoes, peppers, spinach…these are easier crops to “dehybridize” as you won’t run into the CMS issue.