A discussion on DAD-Net about the identity of a particular goat (or was it sheep?) specimen elicited this wonderful contribution from Carol Snyder Halberstadt, president and cofounder Black Mesa Weavers for Life and Land, Inc.
There is another breed of sheep among which many have have four horns–both ewes and rams, although there are also two-horned and also some without any horns.
These are the rare and endangered Navajo-Churro sheep, which descend from the first domesticated sheep in the Americas. Brought to the Southwest in the 1500s by the Spanish (and brought to Spain possibly by the Moors?) the Iberian churra — an ancient breed that is likely related very closely to the first sheep domesticated in the Near/Middle East about 9,000 years ago — was recognized and welcomed by the Dinè as the promised gift from Etsáanadléhee [Asdzaa nádleehé] (Changing Woman) herself, and developed by them into a unique breed, with a double-coated fleece that produces one of the finest and strongest weaving wools in the world, with glowing whites and an amazing array of natural colors.
Those with four horns, which is a very rare trait among sheep, was one of the characteristics that marked them as sacred to the Dinè.
The Churro have survived several efforts by the U.S. government to drive them to extinction, starting in 1863, when the army was sent to remove the Dinè from their ancestral homeland by slaughtering their Churro, burning their peach orchards, food stocks, and homes, and forcing about 9,000 Dinè on the “Long Walk,” hundreds of miles to Hweeldi (“The Place of Sorrow”), at Fort Sumner, New Mexico, imprisoned there in an internment camp, where thousands died. A few thousand Dinè evaded the U.S. Army and were able to hide with their remnant flocks in remote areas of what is today Arizona and Utah: the Black Mesa region.
In 1868, after four years of suffering, about 3,000 surviving Dinè were allowed to return from Fort Sumner to a portion of their homeland, where they rebuilt their lives, their culture, and their Churro herds.
Not long after, a government-imposed attempt to “improve” the Navajo-Churro forced interbreeding with sheep such as Rambouillet and Merino, further threatening Churro survival and identity,
Nevertheless, by the 1930s, the Churro had increased to more than a million. They were again threatened when stock reductions were ordered (largely the result of restricted grazing regulations that disallowed traditional Navajo grazing practices), citing a need to control overgrazing and erosion. Considered worthless by the government, about a million Churro were slaughtered, their bodies left to rot — a trauma recalled by many Dinè alive today.
By the mid-1970s, the breed was near-extinct, with only about 450 surviving, mainly in the Black Mesa region of Arizona. Today, through the efforts of Dinè and non-Dinè organizations and breeders, there are about 2,000 Navajo-Churro registered nationwide, with an estimated 1,000 in all Dinè Bikéyah (Navajoland). Of these, in the Black Mesa area, some 550-600 Churro continue to form an integral part of the land and Dinè lifeways.
This is a very brief summary. I would be very interested in knowing more about the Uruguay Criollo breed, which might be related to the Churro — since the Spanish introduced their churra to the U.S. Southwest, as well as into Mexico and South America.
There’s a lot to digest in this tragic tale, and a lot more to learn. I want to know, for example, about how it happened that the Dinè (what the Navajo called themselves — it means, as these things often do, The People) recognized this sheep as the gift of Etsáanadléhee. And about how the Dinè and their flocks managed to hide out in Black Mesa. But I’ll just pursue one little, very minor thing here.
The U.S. Army burned the Dinè’s peach orchards. Peach orchards? Where did they get peaches from, and why did they keep orchards? It seems so incongruous somehow. A basically pastoralist, semi-nomadic people planting orchards of exotic fruits? Well, first, it seems clear that peach orchards did indeed exist. They’re mentioned, for example, in a book on Native American “resistance to genocide, ecocide and colonization.” By the mid-1860s, flocks and orchards had been established “over several generations at the bottom of Canyon de Chelly.”
How many trees were there? One source on the Navajo Peach Tree Incident says five thousand, but others three and seven thousand. A lot of trees, anyway:
- This time, though Carson employed the mercenary Utes over several months until the Navajo were found in the canyon. That’s when he destroyed 5000 peach trees — the pride of the Navajos — and most of their food supplies so that their harsh-winter food stockpile vanished.
- The Navajo never forgave Carson for what he did to their peach trees.
Another source, a travel writer visiting the Canyon de Chelly, adds:
Gabriel hands me a wedge of pottery whose geometric pattern reminds me of mesas. “Made by Hopi,” Gabriel says. The Hopis lived here too, planting the first peach trees in the 1600s, which were later cut down by Carson’s men. When the Navajo returned from the Long Walk, they reconstructed the peach orchards, adding apple and apricot trees.
And again, more on the Hopi connection from a study of the origins of Navajo pastoralism:
Life in Canyons de Chelly and del Muerto followed the rhythms of the seasons. In summer, green patches of corn and beans and melons dotted the bottoms, and here and there stood small groves of peach trees, at least some of which had been planted by a Hopi clan that for a time took refuge here.
So from the Hopi to the Navajo, and traded as dried fruit, but where did all these peach trees come from originally? Spanish missions, perhaps? Following that train of thought took me to a familiar book, Sauer on the Historical Geography of Crop Plants, which confirmed the outlines of the history of the peach in the American southwest that had emerged from all the snippets I’d collected.
I just had no idea that the Native American tribes of New Mexico had taken up peach cultivation with such fervour. Which of course leads to a whole series of other questions. Foremost among which is: why peaches in particular? But also: are any of these old peaches still around, despite Carson’s best efforts, and do they represent varieties long gone in Europe? After all, the Churro survived…
I spoke to some one a few years back about feral peaches in the wilderness in Southern Utah…it wouldn’t be a stretch to think they’re there in New Mexico as well.
It is believed now that Kit Carson did not cut down the peach trees because he thought the Navajos were all gone. A Captain under the same orders as Carson from Gen. Carleton did cut the peach trees but no one can agree on the number although all agree it was in the thousands.
There were also extensive peach orchards grown by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy, or Six Nations), in what is now New York State, which were destroyed by the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition in 1779. George Washington’s orders to General Sullivan were to destroy not only the towns and villages, but also the crops of the Iroquois.
There is a historical marker on the outskirts of Ledyard, New York, that says:
SITE OF
CHONODOTE
“PEACH TOWN”
CAYUGA VILLAGE DESTROYED
WITH ORCHARD OF 1500
TREES DURING SULLIVAN
CAMPAIGN SEPT. 1779
1500 trees.
(BTW, I don’t understand the question about “why peaches?”)
My back yard holds a sacred place and cemetery, we found it when a neighbor tried to build a road right up to my back door and the bones came up. We brought in Cadaver dogs who revealed a whole cemetery. It was a blessing in disguise because when we went to replant the bones of my little Indian Grandmother, there were more bones from the same tribe, that needed a home. They had been buried and then disturbed by a big hiway, and no place had been found for them. Now they will join the ones in my yard. We are holding a homecoming party for them. Songs both sad and happy, A BBQ and where they are replanted they are planting peach trees – now I know what that means…
I visited the Canyon de Chelly a couple of years ago after having read a remarkable book about Kit Carson and the various campaigns waged against the Navajo (and other tribes) in the American southwest. Canyon de Chelly is one of the most impressive natural sites I have ever visited, still farmed today by the Navajo. I did not go down into the canyon – access is resticted and we only had a day in that area. And the canyon is huge, so reaching the many viewpoints from the rim takes a long time. If you are interested, here a link to the photos I took, and there’s some video footage in this blog post.
I took a guided tour of Canyon de Chelly in 2014 from a man named Howard. He runs a camp ground up top. I had asked about the trees and he said that they had resprouted from the stumps then drove us by them to prove it. Indeed there where peaches. It was a magical place, but at the risk of sounding like an ass, I am also a big sceptic in general. But maybe the story is worth more than the truth.
Today, many prominent features are considered inviolate by their descendants. At the heart of the Navajo Nation I was born near my home, Canyon del Muerto of Canyon de Chelly National Monument. Two entities called Ch’óóshgai (White Spruce) and Dził Yijiin (Black Mesa) are the male and female mountains respectively and together they have sustained my blood and energy for hundreds and thousands of years. From Ch’óóshgai and Dził Yijiin we have headwater streams and springs which make up most of the interface between land and water so it is important for us to understand the hydrology and ecology in order to protect these aquatic ecosystems and ensuring water security for all living beings and entities at this very moment. Predicting stream behavior is complicated by decreasing numbers of headwater streams and the prohibitive cost of high-frequency water quality monitoring. A discussion point from a meeting report titled “Protecting Water Resources Through a Focus on Headwater Streams, Abbott, Benjamin W., EOS Vol. 98, No. 9,” says that current water quality monitoring schemes and regulatory frameworks are often a consequence of historical priorities and choices rather than of contemporary needs. If water quality targets are not ecologically relevant or if monitoring designs are not able to evaluate compliance, they are unlikely to usefully inform management efforts. We name every living thing that remain among us and against us, and those that we see as malevolent still are necessary for the organization that nature effectuates. Our fundamental laws state that, Mother Earth and the Universe embody thinking; Water and the sacred mountains embody planning; Air and the variegated vegetation embody life; Fire/light and the offering sites of variegated sacred stones embody wisdom. These were instituted within us and we embody them. Diné dajilį́įgo éí Naǫhasdzáán biyi’ dóó nizhónígo bąąh hólónígíí jidísingo, hoł hodiyin dóó hózhdísingo Diyin k’ehgo jináago óolyé! “To be of the People means you must have reverence and love for all of the resources and all of the beauties of this world!” Waking up each morning is such a blessing, especially when that golden light escapes the horizon to illuminate the dispersal of corn pollen as our ancient language rolls off my tongue. Cultural relativism, when all the truths are local, has broadened my scope of a world once seemingly small and pure to now fragmented and distant and unimaginably seen entirely; for the individually creative, all is to be seen and all is to be heard so I remain listening and perceiving. After my work experience at the nexus of watershed management and community knowledge, it is now my choice to continue collecting water quality data in the places where the water flows so that my children will understand the things I do not know.
I feel so blessed – a word I rarely use – to have access to all the knowledge entered here because of the reposting/sharing of my 8.12.21 RETURNTONOW.NET Navajo Woman Brings Long Lost Peach Orchards Back to the Southwest article.
~ Bountiful Gratitude ~